WARS

War is an armed conflict between two nations.Each of these nations may be helped by other nations.Thus,tow or mere countries are involved in a war.Sometimes,there is a war between two groups of people in a country.This is called a civil war .A war may last a few days or may extend over a number of years.

There are may causes of war .Sometimes, a country wants to conquer another country and declares war.Again,there may be a war when a country violates the treaty made with another country .There may be a war if a great man of a country is killed or a ship is sunk,or an aeroplane is shot down by another country.Sometimes , there is a war over the demarcation of boundaries between tow countries .Sometimes ,we have an ideological war .Whatever may be the apparent cause of a war, the main cause is the greed of a country which tries to subdue another country.

A war may be fought on the land , on the sea or in the air.There are different weapons of war in ancient times, they used bows and arrows ,axes,lances and spears .In ancient times,people fought face ot face, and there were not many casualties .Modern wars are very terrible .There are many deadly weapons of war like bombs,missiles and torpedoes.An atom bomb can kill thousands of people at once.Poison gas is also used.

War is associated with many evils.Millions of people are killed or wounded .It is generally the young people who are killed.Cities are bombed ,buildings are ruined , and thousands of people become homeless,Fields and factories are destroyed .There is scarcity of food and other materials .Roads,railways,ports and airports are destroyed , and communication withe the outside world is cut off.People live in daily fear of being killed and suffer a lot of hardship.Valuable works are destroyed and there is a great loss of life and property.It takes a long time for a country to rebuild itself after the devastating effects of a war.

Man knows the evils of war, but has not able to stop wars.There have been wars since times immemorial.Nations made agreements and treaties to avoid wars,but violated them again and again .This is due to the greed and selfishness of nations .The First World War (1914-18) brought the League of Nations into existence .But the League failed to stop wars because there was no agreement among its members .The Second World War (1939-44) created the United Nations Organisation ,but this organisation also has not been able to stop wars.The United Nations Organisation is only a forum of wrangling and debating.

ABOUT SCOUTS

Scouts are members of the Scout Association.They serve volunteers.The Scout Association is an international organisation.It was started in 1907 by Lord Baden Powell, an Englishman.It has branches in almost all countries of the world .We have a scout association in our country called Nepal Boy and Girl Scout Association.It is a member of the World Scout Association.A national scout associations has district associations.A district association has various troops under its jurisdiction .A troops consists of three or four patrols .A patrol consists of scouts ,six to eight in number .A patrol is under the charge of a scout leader, and a troop is under the charge of a scout master.There are boy as well as girl scouts.The scouts have uniform of their own .The boy scouts wear a shirt,a pair of shorts and a scarf.The Nepal Boy Scouts put on a black cap.The girl scouts carry a whistle,a stick,a knife,a bag,apiece of rope and other things.A troop has a bugle or a drum.The scouts are trained by the scout masters. They learn many things like first-aid ,swimming ,signalling,cooking and games.Sometimes,they go on hiking.The scouts promise to serve God and the country .Their aim is service They serve the needy and the distressed .They learn discipline and public spirit.They have to obey the ten scout laws wherever they are .They remain ever alert and active.Their motto is "Be prepared.

THE AEROPLANE

It has been a long -cherished dream of man to be able to fly like a bird.Man cannot yet fly liked a bird ,but can fly in an aeroplane.The aeroplane is one of the greatest marvels of science .Travelling in the sky is really a wonderful thing.We are glad when we travel in an aeroplane.

The aeroplane was invented in1903 by two American brothers,Wilbur and Orville Wright .Before the invention of the aeroplane ,man used the balloon and the air-ship.The balloon and the air-ship were at the merrcy of winds ,but the aeroplane can be moved to any direction.Since 1903,there have the jet plane which flies faster than sound and higher than the Himalayas.

The body of an aeroplane is cylindrical in shape.The front part is called the cock-pit .The driver of the aeroplane ,who is called pilot ,sits in the cock-pit .At the head of the aeroplane ,there is a propeller.It looks like an electric fan and moves very fast.It is driven by and engine.An aeroplane has generally two engines.If one engine fails,the other engine starts working .There is a flap which takes the aeroplane up or down.There is also a rudder.The flap and the rudder can be seen at the back of the aeroplane .The pilot holds a lever which moves the flap;he puts his feet on a bar which moves the rudder .The body of an aeroplane has a wing on each side.Some aeroplanes have two sets of wings.An aeroplane has three wheels , a small wheel in the front and two wheels at the back.The wheels are used for landing .Aeroplane are maintained in the air by the buoyancy of air.

The aeroplane is fastest means of travelling .It carries men quickly from place to place.We can reach England and America in few hours.It has bought distant countries nearer.It has helped the people of different countries to be close to one another. The aeroplane carries goods and mail from one place to another.It is very useful in a mountainous country like Nepal where there is shortage of roads.